"흑인" (heugin) thus means "black person". The West Indian region uses the term "coolie" for all people of east Indian descent. endstream Variation can occur syntactically, lexically, and phonologically. However, the Yellow Emperor was a legendary founder of China. 2000. View, enjoy and share the best of Sociolinguistics quotes by famous authors, leaders and motivational speakers. During the COVID-19 global pandemic, we have all been learning new words and phrases, and while we haven’t been able to share each other’s space and live company,… White (白 bai) means "plain" or "free of charge" in many common expressions and was not traditionally used to refer to Europeans or descendants, who were usually identified as "洋人" (yáng rén, "people from [across the] ocean") or based on their hair color (e.g. Identifying human races in terms of skin color, at least as one among several physiological characteristics, has been common since antiquity. 4 These directional color terms were applied both to geographic features and sometimes to populations as well. In view of this, the article first takes the basic color terms, red, white, black, green, yellow and blue as examples, and uses the method of comparative analysis to … [23] In the 2000 US Census, "White" refers to "person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. More recently such categorization has been noted in the Caribbean. These colors are gradable degrees of the basic color terms. It is found in e.g. "흑" (heuk) is used to describe persons of African descent, it literally means "black" in hanja. Yellow is also identified with the "center" cardinal direction (blue-east, red-south, white-west, black-north) while China is known as Zhongguo "middle kingdom". It is reported that skin tones play an important role in defining how Barbadians view one another, and they use terms such as "brown skin, light skin, fair skin, high brown, red, and mulatto". ��1@�HR6�] bg�9�-L ����E��% TMT�T���T���u@{�N������+�#k�b�mM�M�M_�]0�i��r�U�u�M�m�������������������������������o�_�~@}�Ġ���B.��g�����������'�A[�nRXrCʚԛ���Ys�/����Wl*|W�]�U���M�~eIծ�Z������j�϶ʵ���*�>ݫ���w�ͤٓ�N��vx����Y��$�==�|��E"�[�|[����ʐU��ݷ�röM&��l5ٶ}�����]��������C?��?����sg���:?����W���>�ͭ�w��)�?�0�ؓ��2_���>�~~�u����N�i����? Basic Color Terms', Language 54 (1978), 610-45; B. Berlin, P. Kay and W.R. Merrifield, 'Color Term Evolution: Recent Evidence from the World Color Survey' (a paper presented to the 84th Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC, 1985). Richard J. Gerrig, Mahzarin R. Banaji, in Thinking and Problem Solving, 1994. ��駙�@Q�-*8�� �WEDv*�>u
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"�/�N���pF���2��MH�c��㐯�r`�� Thus, The Race Question statement by the UNESCO, in the 1950s, proposed to substitute the term "ethnic groups" to the concept of "race". "[13] In his political history of racial identity, Bruce Baum wrote,"Jean-Joseph Virey (1774-1847), a follower of Chistoph Meiners, claimed that "the human races... may divided... into those who are fair and white and those who are dark or black."[14]. The transmission of the "color terminology" for race from antiquity to early anthropology in 17th century Europe took place via rabbinical literature. �.�c�L^����>�x��s��;(ۦ�]_�F��9%�S��I���N�=WO��0��y�M�F�2�"��zuG:�쁈�'0T>�cΒ�1�W��Q}H�do t��H��'��!�1,s�¹�̉a��t�Ҏ9y^;�̚�RUE�L_JŸ�q6���X���=}t5��d�l�A�� ����n.���S���I�:Wum�h葉�ұ����p}��&W.v'��Q��5f�-_&{�\7��^��u�\5;in&VM�j�Hy�DD����/�MV{�""k-�e��r{�48�Š�Jt�dqF��ab�������!�h4�X�9M�q It is found in e.g. Romans attached nuanced implications to color-terms which went beyond their literal meaning, using these terms as a form of cultural assessment, defining their social values and order. The on'yomi reading of "人" (jin) is often used as a suffix to describe a person's nationality, amongst other things. The Five Races Under One Union theory of national unity can be visualized through an old ROC flag: Red - Han, Yellow - Manchu, Blue - Mongol, White - Hui and Black - Tibetan. Please note, ... terms should not be abbreviated unless they are used repeatedly and the abbreviation is helpful to the reader. John Clark and Colin YallopAn Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology (Second Edition) 10. In Trinidad, however, use of the term is considered extremely offensive. Kay, P., & Berlin, B. (1999). Race. A generation from now, we will look back on this time and remember our shared language--a shared language that citizen sociolinguists have made visible and viable. The Martinique-born French Frantz Fanon and African-American writers Langston Hughes, Maya Angelou, and Ralph Ellison, among others, wrote that negative symbolisms surrounding the word "black" outnumber positive ones. However, the term "black resident" (黑户) also refers to unregistered rural migrants in cities (as in black market). [7] It is also not uncommonly used with the on'yomi readings of "白" (haku; white) and "黒" (koku; black) to form "白人" (hakujin; white person) and 黒人 (kokujin; black person). ary sequence, languages have few Basic Colour Terms. The word "인종" (injong) is used when describing a person's race, which also incorporates his or her skin color. However, the need of people to express more than only basic color, consequently led them to create a certain word such … The correct spelling wins — but the second-place-winner is suggested as a correction more often. … This fully revised textbook is a new edition of Ronald Wardhaugh’s popular and accessible An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. �^&Ӳ�Մ� The development of periphrastic do 431 Figure 23.3 . By analyzing the use and color words in specific contexts, we can gain greater insight into the Roman mind. "[23] In the 2000 US Census, "Black or African American" refers to a "person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. British: Pelican, 1974. {K�O�E���V�B%=���kU Find sociolinguistics course notes, answered questions, and sociolinguistics tutors 24/7. English (4th Semester) The Women University Multan 1. These aspects of English are explored with regard to lexicon (color terms, particles, evaluative adjectives), and syntax (tag-questions, and related aspects of intonation in answers to requests, and of requests and orders), as concerns speech by women. In sociolinguistics, a style is a set of linguistic variants with specific social meanings. In 1896 this doctrine was upheld in the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court case. In linguistics: Semantics For example, the colour terms in particular languages constitute a lexical field, and the meaning of each term depends upon the place it occupies in the field. Finally, the natives of the Americas are considered as a fifth category, described as of "olive" (olivastre) skin tone. 4. Minnan ang mo, "red-haired"). [21], At college campus protests during the 1960s, a "Flag of the Races" was in use, with five stripes comprising red, black, brown, yellow, and white tones. In this explicitly "white supremacist" exposition of racial categorization, the "white" category is much more limited than in Blumenbach's scheme, essentially restricted to Europeans, while the separate "brown" category is introduced for non-European Caucasoid subgroups in North Africa, Western, Central and South Asia. The area of language and society – sociolinguistics – is intended to show how our use of language is governed by such factors as class, gender, race, etc. Martin Atkinson Children’s Syntax 6. Diane Blakemore Understanding Utterances 7. The five cardinal directions were historically identified with colors. Each language generally has the basic color terms, for instance English has only a single word to mention basic color; blue, yellow, red, and so on. Black (黑 hei) is typically applied to those of African race today. This is true for CJA, since it falls into stage seven and has eleven basic color terms plus new color terms created by young Jordanian women. 10 A Basic Colour Term must be monolexemic, it must not be a hyponym, it must not be collocationally restricted and it must be psychologically salient. The physical appearance of each type is briefly described, including colour adjectives referring to skin and hair colour: rufus "red" and pilis nigris "black hair" for Americans, albus "white" and pilis flavescentibus "yellowish hair" for Europeans, luridus "yellowish, sallow", pilis nigricantibus "swarthy hair" for Asians, Square tight copy with a thin reading crease along spine on front cover, else covers show light wear. Colour Study If you teach about the colour naming experiment by Berlin & Kay (cf. Sociolinguistics Bahroz H. Mawlood 2019 2. ��� V�N� ^&�M��߷��� 1 0 obj Race/colour terms in three territories in the 1960s 356 Figure 23.1 . "purple" is another example of … Traditionally the main distinction was between "white" and "black", but Japanese Americans could be accepted on both sides of the divide. Forensic Anthropology. Basic Color Term . 189 pages. As further racial groups were categorized, "white" became narrowly construed, and everyone else was categorised as a "person of color", suggesting that "white" people have no race, while racial subdivision of those "of color" was unimportant. The basic color terms and the emergent colors used by young female stude nts in CJA. �)�I� Hannah Franzieka identified 19th-century writers who believed in the "Caucasian hypothesis" and noted that "Jean-Julien Virey and Louis Antoine Desmoulines were well-known supports of the idea that Europeans came from Mount Caucasus. A Color Memory. [19] An assessment of racism in Trinidad notes people often being described by their skin tone, with the gradations being "HIGH RED – part White, part Black but ‘clearer’ than Brown-skin: HIGH BROWN – More white than Black, light skinned: DOUGLA –part Indian and part Black: LIGHT SKINNED, or CLEAR SKINNED Some Black, but more White: TRINI WHITE – Perhaps not all White, behaves like others but skin White". He introduced a four-fold division in 1775, extended to five in 1779, later borne out in his work on craniology (Decas craniorum, published during 1790–1828). In this respect the ancients were not unlike whites of later generations who used color terms as a kind of shorthand to denote Africans and those of African descent." )G^��� Racial segregation in the United States was based on a binary classification, white vs. non-white, in which "white" was held to imply "purity" so that anyone with even the slightest amount of non-white ancestry was excluded from white privileges, and there could be no category of racially mixed people. [9], Blumenbach's division and choice of color-adjectives remained influential, with variation depending on author, throughout the 19th and well into the 20th century. However, according to Barkhaus (2006)[8] it was the adoption of both the colour terminology and the French term race by Immanuel Kant in 1775 which proved influential. Sociolinguistics 1. Members of this category are described as white, the categorization being based on facial features rather than skin colour. "백" (baek; White), used with "인" (in; person) to make "백인" (baegin), literally means "white person" in Korean. Then, it discusses Frank M. Snowden, A. Barkhaus, "Rassen" in: Hansjörg Bay, Kai Merten (eds.). considered five races, White, Black, Yellow, Brown and Amerindian. Categorization of racial groups by reference to skin color is common in classical antiquity. He also used color as the name or main label of the races but as part of the description of their physiology. [6] Rufus was already well established as "Speckled Red", Willie became "Piano Red". Ronald Wardhaugh Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Fifth Edition) 5. In the hypothesis he said that language is not only to determine the pattern of culture, but also determine the manner and the way the human mind work. René Lesson in 1847 presented a division into six groups based on simple color adjectives: White (Caucasian), Dusky (Indian), Orange-colored (Malay), Yellow (Mongoloid), Red (Carib and American), Black (Negroid). In the 1970s the term black replaced Negro in the United States.[16]. Michael Kenstowicz Phonology in Generative Grammar 8. Linguistic Landscape and the local: a comparative study of texts visible in the streets of two culturally diverse urban neighbourhoods in Marseille and Pretoria. and niger "black", pilis atris "coal-black hair" for Africans. [11] Meiners did not include the Jews as Caucasians and ascribed them a "permanently degenerate nature". The modern categorization was coined by the Göttingen School of History in the late 18th century – in parallel with the Biblical terminology for race (Semitic, Hamitic and Japhetic) – dividing mankind into five colored races: "Aethiopian or Black", "Caucasian or White", "Mongolian or Yellow", "American or Red", and "Malayan or Brown" subgroups. [2] As color vocabulary shifted to focus on hue, secondary (i.e., non-basic) color terms began to appear. The word 白 (white), when used under certain contexts, is offensive, taking on a meaning extended from "plain" to "uneducated" and "uncultured". According to D'Souza (1995), it was "Blumenbach's classification" which had a lasting influence, being memorable because it "neatly broke down into familiar tones and colors". �y��E�E�%�)@�P;@��%�D�=13O��@�Dw�p���C��Ң2�H�A�����!�!���a�Q�7��.���+�1�11M`��,�ɼ��
�%K�-V=�V�{l�l�ؾ�����P�����y�ˑk�&�)���B���������/��!�*xE(U�p����^�p�/b�čįHTH�I�ʗ��>!S&�. A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON THE LANGUAGE USE OF 400 LEVEL STUDENTS BY BAMAIYI, ESTHER EDEBO OCTOBER, 2010 A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON THE LANGUAGE USE OF 400 LEVEL STUDENTS BY BAMAIYI, ESTHER EDEBO (U07EN2013) A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND … USA: The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy, these colors not always being distinguished in these languages, "Nouvelle division de la terre par les différentes espèces ou races qui l'habitent", Zora Neale Hurston's - Glossary of Harlem Slang, "Symbols of Pride of the LGBTQ Community", US Census Bureau. Sociolinguistics Ethnic Pattern: Language and Ethnicity The ethnic pattern does not actually denote a typical sociolinguistic pattern (such as the class pattern or gender pattern) but it refers more generally to the characteristic use of language which is influenced by the ethnic background of a speaker . Kant (1775:432), cited after Barkhaus (2006:44). Specifically, Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer (a medieval rabbinical text dated roughly to between the 7th to 12th centuries) contains the division of mankind into three groups based on the three sons of Noah, viz. Lothrop Stoddard in The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy (1920) Accessed July 14, 2008, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_terminology_for_race&oldid=1000584269, Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup and no ISO hint, Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from May 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Red, Black, Blue/Green, White, Flowery (multicolored), Ak Deniz "White Sea" in Turkish indicates the, This page was last edited on 15 January 2021, at 19:19. In Hornius' scheme, the Japhetites (identified as Scythians, an Iranic ethnic group and Celts) are "white" (albos), the Aethiopians and Chamae are "black" (nigros), and the Indians and Semites are "brownish-yellow" (flavos), while the Jews, following Mishnah Sanhedrin, are exempt from the classification being neither black nor white but "light brown" (buxus, the color of boxwood).[3]. ���� [18] The piano player and guitarist Tampa Red from the same state developed his career in Chicago, Illinois, at that time: his name may have come from his light skin tone, or possibly reddish hair. François Bernier (1684) doubted the validity of using skin color as a racial characteristic, and Charles Darwin emphasized the gradual differences between categories.[1]. His fourth category are the Lapps (Lappons), described as a savage race with faces reminiscent of bears (but for which the author admits to rely on hearsay). Physiognomica, a Greek treatise dated to c. 300 BC. Language and Culture : The Definition Color Terminology in Sociolinguistics Via rabbinical literature, the division is received in early modern scholarship, mostly in four to five categories. An example of the former is torht ‘light, luminous’ which is obsolete, and salu ‘dark, dark-colored, dusky’ which survived as sallow ‘sickly yellow, pallid’ (225-226). Categorization of racial groups by reference to skin color is common in classical antiquity. Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics is the study of the aspects of the relation between language and society. Although the denotation of each of the words “green,” “blue,” and “yellow” in English is somewhat imprecise at the boundaries, the… [5], The views of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach on the categorization of the major races of mankind developed over the course of the 1770s to 1820s. "[23] The other three self-designated races are not labeled by color.[23]. (2007). 2 0 obj Huang (yellow) is a common surname, but does not refer to the East Asian race as was popular in western languages until recently. [22][unreliable source? ���I.*....B�3�2݅��dV��w?��-X��L��}�݈�t�Ű\�g�Ha��d�;r�R�j�? Following World War II, more and more biologists and anthropologists began to discontinue use of the term "race" due to its association with political ideologies of racism. [Hat tip to Tiago Tresoldi.] Speech about women is analyzed with <>/Width 144/Length 2124/BitsPerComponent 8>>stream language, losing its eccentric color. It studies how language changes from person to person and how language is … The color adjectives used in 1779 are weiss "white" (Caucasian race), gelbbraun "yellow-brown" (Mongolian race), schwarz "black" (Aethiopian race), kupferroth "copper-red" (American race) and schwarzbraun "black-brown" (Malayan race). Bernier explicitly rejects a categorization based on skin color, arguing that the dark skin of Indians is due to exposure to the Sun only, and that the yellowish colour of some Asians, while a genuine feature, is not sufficient to establish a separate category. His third category includes Southeast Asia, China and Japan as well as part of Tatarstan (Central Asia and eastern Muscovy). x�c``������$��PPTR����~�������|@���TT������d`��2��4���H b����d ����K [17] These terms were sometimes referred to in blues music, both in the words of songs and in the names of performers. [Note, by the way, that Language Logger Paul Kay is an expert on the question of color naming and color perception, a topic that he posted about e.g. Names of ethnic minorities sometimes contain colors, not to indicate skin color, but simply for identification, possibly based on traditional clothing or geographical direction. Americanus (Americans), Europaeus (Europeans), Asiaticus (Asians) and Afer (Africans).
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߉Ed$ͯIErܟ�>|�>ο dou}u j��%\��}��+Ú_mЀ� {T{XM떰1����Q��!�M�$ �Hl��>�c� ���&��o��F�Go�����ɱq[N���O�w�xm� They were also given derogatory names like the Cantonese gwei lo, which translates to "ghost man". S - curve progress of 2 - dimensional diffusion through time 428 Figure 23.2 . Adams, Bradley J. &ȗ�v���n�{��Ը��i��t).)). New York: McGraw-Hill), you may want to have your students investigate whether and how speakers of the same language but of … Course Hero has thousands of sociolinguistics study resources to help you. Linguistic variation is at the heart of the concept of linguistic style—without variation there is no basis for distinguishing social meanings. 51 François Bernier in a short article published anonymously in 1684 moves away from the "Noahide" classification, proposes to consider large subgroups of mankind based not on geographical distribution but on physiological differences. color terms, i.e. "Among the Greeks and Romans who have provided the fullest description of blacks, the Africans' color was regarded as their most characteristic and most unusual feature. [4], In the 1730s, Carl Linnaeus in his introduction of systematic taxonomy recognized four main human subspecies, termed The term for WARM in a Stage II language covers a wide area of the warm a language that includes eleven-term systems. Sapir Whorf hypothesis is very important concept in linguistic study. In 1930s Harlem Slang such gradations were described by a tonescale of "high yaller [yellow], yaller, high brown, vaseline brown, seal brown, low brown, dark brown". In 1920s Georgia, Willie Perryman followed his older brother Rufus in becoming a blues piano player: both were albino Negroes with pale skin, reddish hair and poor eyesight. "White", apart from its racial meaning, is also a term denoting opponents of the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War and "Red", apart from its racial meaning, symbolizes communism (or communists), or refers to the Bolsheviks, while "Green" often refers to ecologists. x��{P���?�����E|DQ��Q#�7��:u�h�;�1j[umM�Q�i��5:m��FL4ј�>P �Wt��(�(�,���~��
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�r�kC@�2wH�DD>u�� �Hi������P�)q��K Writing in French, Bernier uses the term race, or synonymously espece "kind, species", where Hornius had used tribus "tribe" or populus "people". Shem, Ham and Japheth: This division in Rabbi Eliezer and other rabbinical texts is received by Georgius Hornius (1666). In Russia, persons of Caucasus descent are often referred to as White[citation needed] (not because of skin color). ���%��� Previous owner's name on first inside page has been scribbled out, and there is a small amount of underlining and margin notes in text. Instead his first category comprises most of Europe, the Near East and North Africa, including populations in the Nile Valley and the Indian peninsula he describes as being of a near "black" skin tone due to the effect of the sun. One of the most influential of these studies (Berlin and Kay, 1969) suggests that there is a hierarchy of basic colour terminologies across cultures, that, for example, if a culture has two basic colour terms, they will be the terms for black and white, if three, black, white, and red, and so on up to eleven such terms. A Stage II language, for example, has only three Basic Colour Terms PALE includin,: one fogr WHITE, another fo DARKr includin, g BLACK an,d a third fo WARMr includin, g RED. Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and society's effect on language. Flapper, for instance, started life in the late 19th century as a slang term for a young unconventional or lively woman, but subsequently moved into the general language as a specific term for such a vogue woman of the 1920s. This was common to the Central Asian cultural area and was carried west by the westward migration of the Turks. Four types of networks 440 The color "pink" was originally a descriptive color word derived from the name of a flower called a "pink" (see dianthus); however, because the word "pink" (flower) has become very rare whereas "pink" (color) has become very common, many native speakers of English use "pink" as an abstract color word alone and furthermore consider it to be one of the 'basic color terms' of English. The author furthermore considers the possible addition of more categories, specifically the "blacks of the Cape of Good Hope", which seemed to him to be of significantly different build from most other populations below the Sahara. 18th-century anthropologist Christoph Meiners, who first defined the Caucasian race, posited a "binary racial scheme" of two races with the Caucasian whose racial purity was exemplified by the "venerated... ancient Germans", although he considered some Europeans as impure "dirty whites"; and "Mongolians", who consisted of everyone else. [20] In Jamaica albinism has been stigmatized, but the albino dancehall singer Yellowman took his stage name in protest against such prejudice and has helped to end this stereotype. - Sociolinguistics: a term that refers to the study of the relationship between language and society, and how language is used in multilingual speech communities. system proposed by Buffon, Histoire Naturelle, in which he recognized four groups, a "white" European race (Race der Weißen), a "black" Negroid race (Negerrace), a copper-red Kalmyk race (kalmuckishe Race) and an olive-yellow Indian race (Hinduische Race). An idealized diagram of snowball effect in lexical diffusion 437 Figure 23.4 . In some societies people can be sensitive to gradations of skin tone, which may be due to intermarriage or to albinism and which can affect power and prestige. It was long recognized that the number of categories is arbitrary and subjective. They argued that the good vs. bad dualism associated with white and black unconsciously frame prejudiced colloquialisms. Physiognomica, a Greek treatise dated to c. 300 BC. ], In the 2000 United States Census, two of the five self-designated races are labeled by a color. Master's thesis in sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics 'Language culture and worldview' BS. Deborah Schiffrin Approaches to Discourse 9. Basic color terms. [10], Two historical anthropologists favored a binary racial classification system that divided people into a light skin and dark skin categories. 1-White . %���� <>stream [12] His second category includes most of Sub-Saharan Africa, again not exclusively based on skin colour but on physiological features such as the shape of nose and lips. 1.6.2 Colour terms 1.6.3 Kinship terms 1.6.4 Counting systems 1 Language and society Language is both a system of communication between individuals and a social phenomenon. %PDF-1.5 basic color terms, red, white, black, green, yellow and blue as examples, and uses the method of comparative analysis to elaborate on their connotation, extension and stylistic color. In this context, social meanings can include group membership, personal attributes, or beliefs. Blumenbach does not name his five groups in 1779 but gives their geographic distribution. However Contemporary Chinese has adopted Western usage to some extent. Fully revised, with 130 new and updated references to bring the book completely up-to-date. Emerged Color Terms . endobj Provides an accessible, comprehensive introduction to sociolinguistics that reflects new developments in the field. �`Q���"�D� �������fyG�*�u�����
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Directions were historically identified with colors - curve progress of 2 - dimensional diffusion through time 428 Figure.! For race from antiquity to early anthropology in 17th century Europe took place via rabbinical literature context social., we can gain greater insight into the Roman mind long recognized that the good vs. bad dualism with... Free of charge linguistic variants with specific social meanings classification system that divided people into a light skin and skin. Bad dualism associated with white and black unconsciously frame prejudiced colloquialisms `` 23... Southeast Asia, China and Japan as well and colour terminology in sociolinguistics: this division Rabbi. ( Second Edition ) 10 `` black person '' ) 5 that reflects new developments the... Name or main label of the description of their physiology Ham and Japheth: this division in Eliezer... 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