Similar to Perry’s significance in Edo in 1894, the First Anglo-Chinese War (1839-1842) was a significant introduction of Western moral realism and imperialist influence in China. Initiated with the merger of Brandenburg with East Prussia in the 16th century followed later by the incorporation of West Prussia, Pomerania, Silesia, and large portions of the Rhineland and Westphalia by the 19th century. Most students were unfamiliar with the terms “Occident” and “Occidental,” and asked about these terms. People had lived in a society where they served their leaders loyally: this ideology continued. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/kokutai.pdf: This is a link to selections from the Kokutai no Hongi (Fundamentals of Our National Polity), 1937, Asia for Educators. Other students were not sure that the racial superiority was explicit, but instead suggested that Yukichi is showing that the Japanese have to face the same choice as their neighbors. Nationalism in the 19th century was very similar to patriotism. Try to draw out conclusions about Fukuzawa Yukichi’s perspective on the Western nations, and the place that he and other Meiji reformers saw Japan occupying in East Asia and the world stage at the conclusion of the century. A successful war against old superpower Russia, the Russo-Japanese war (1904-1905), gained Japan some land and respect from the west. The question then, is how to prevent nationalism from spiraling out of control. Give a brief review of the Meiji Restoration period. Evaluate the attitude of Fukuzawa Yukichi and other Meiji reformers toward Western imperial powers and methods, and ascertain the place they envisioned for Japan among world powers at the conclusion of the nineteenth century. Cover or review the treatment of Japanese military successes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries with students. Some prominent daimyō promoted the concept of fukko (a return to the past), while others promoted ōsei (the Emperor's supreme authority). 7 Nationalism & Imperialism . The emperor was thought to be of god-like origin, Japanese people had an idea of exceptionalism; they wanted to build an empire in East Asia. It is useful to… To what extent have Japan’s actions supported the idea of racial equality in international affairs? Run by a tiny elite of pro-business, mostly pro-Western politicians, these parties used both policy and corruption to … Peasants/artisans were the vast majority in the society, Under the shogunate, people of Japan were all to obey the shogun, and as a result of this, they got accustomed to a culture of following the leader with no questions asked - obedience and a sense of honor grew important in the society. While these are essential, also challenge them to think more broadly about nationalism and generalize these concepts to other instances of militarism. The three preceding readings detailed key factors leading to Japanese nationalism and the definition of Japanese national identity prior to World War II. “19th century nationalism.” As students read the primary source, have them list at least five qualities of each that the author describes. The naval battle of Tsushima as the turning point of the war. Ap World Japan Dbq ... A document that would show a Japanese elementary school from the 19th century to compare it to the normal school in doc. For 250 years, Japan existed in quiet and peace under the Tokugawa Shoguns (1603-1853). Nonetheless, the Meiji government took steps to further the development of a distinct Japanese nationalism that rejected elements of both Chinese and Western culture. It should be noted that the positive effects of nationalism is not being denied here, but it is crucial that a country’s policymaking process should not be ultimately being a hostage to nationalist forces. Why is the equality clause denied even though it passed a vote? A comprehensive, community-engaged campus of the University of Tennessee System and partner in the Tennessee Transfer Pathway. ... "Meiji Conservatism" in The Cambridge History of Japan: The Nineteenth Century (vol. The students cited the hypocrisy of the Western powers and the difficulties of giving up their empires. Japanese nationalism ... As a residue of its widespread use in propaganda during the 19th century, military nationalism in Japan was often known as bushid ō (the way of the warrior). The Case of North and South Korea,” Foreign Policy Research Institute, April 26, 2017. https://www.utc.edu/asia-program/pdfs/modules2/pickering/reading8.pdf: This is the link to “Reading 8: Exclusion and Humiliation” from Fran Sterling et al., The Nanjing Atrocities: Crimes of War (Brookline, Massachusetts: Facing History and Ourselves National Organization, 2014), 111 –114. However, in the 19th century Japan started to have more contact with the west. An analysis statement that answers this question: How did nationalism and identity as defined in your summary contribute to Japanese militarism and aggression? Unlike China and its other East Asian neighbors, Japan embraced Western-style industrialization and governmental reforms. As you discuss the summary statements, students will likely draw parallels to the militarist aggression of Fascist Italy and Germany. Briefly describe Japan's philosophical and religious beliefs in the late 19th century and explain their influence on Japanese … In the 19 th century, after a long period of isolationism, China and then Japan came under pressure from the West to open to foreign trade and relations. As 19th-century Marxists such as Friedrich Engels noted, this classical-liberal creed made it difficult to promote socialism within the United States. Title IX Statement | EEO Statement | Privacy Statement | Accessibility | Web Requests. A drop in rice prices had made rice production in Japan very inefficient. The Japanese wanted to improve their position in Asia. Originally based on a late 19th century German ideal of direct service to the ruler, Japan’s government now resembled a British style of rule by one of two centralized parties. Familiarity with the process of industrialization and the urbanization and modernization that accompany it will help students understand the context of the rise of militarism in Japan. Anglo-Japanese alliance, in 1902 ended Japan's diplomatic isolation. The notion of the Japanese as a historical people and the contrast with the Western and American concept of individualism arose quickly. The product of this dynamic was a nationalism that emphasized Japanese exceptionalism among the peoples of Asia and a desire among many to build an empire in East Asia along the lines of the Western powers’ empires elsewhere in Asia, Africa, and the Mideast. They suggested that he believed the Japanese are more successful because they are genetically superior. What kind of “Western developments” was cultural nationalism against during the Meiji Restoration? Source: Wikipedia at https://tinyurl.com/y7fok94c. Resentment grew in Japan as the Western nations limited its participation in the imperial process in East Asia. of the 19th century brought the Japanese to realize that to struggle against the strangers the tools of the West must be forged and handled properly. from the West, datsu-A nyu-O, or *“out of Asia, into Europe," ideology enforced the idea that Japan was above Asia and they wanted to claim a place in the West. Nationalism and Imperialism . This module is designed for an AP world history course, although it could also be used in a standard high school world history course. Japan took the Liaodong Peninsula during the Sino–Japanese War (1894–1895), but it was pressured by Russia, France, and Germany (and later Great Britain) to give it up. The British also helped with establishing a navy. Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents. To establish a framework for understanding the concept of a national character, explore the question of nationality with students. The Ottoman Empire was set up the Balkans region, comprising the most tensioned regions that were known for their internal reforms. Despite Japan’s adoption of many Western concepts, its attempts to find a place among equals with the Western powers were occasionally rewarded, but repeatedly frustrated. Nationalism, ideology based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual or group interests. What might be the motives behind the Japanese delegation’s desire for the racial equality clause? However, in the 19th century Japan started to have more contact with the west. Japanese nationalism - began in the second half of the 19th century with its first contact with the West - 1853: Commodore Matthew Perry arrived on the shores of Japan with his "Black Ships" to get Japan to open up to US demands for trade. After the last quarter of the 19th century, nationalism in Europe did not exist. Source: Wikipedia at https://tinyurl.com/q3f3qlo. The Japanese were superior. This rose ideas of supremacy in the population. Divide students into working groups (four or five individuals) and have each group create a chart to summarize their findings. The pattern of humiliation at the hands of the Western powers continued in the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and the founding of the League of Nations. As nationalism continued to grow, most of the politicians and national governments responded accordingly in order to strengthen and meet the demands of the people. Japanese Nationalism . After completing their lists, have students answer these summary questions: (1) Why does the author believe that Japan must embark on a program of de-Asianization? Nationalism was everywhere in the 19th century, as people all over the world carved new nation-states out of old empires. The gain of new land as well as the frustration from losing some strengthened their view of needing strong military forces to be successful and be able to defend themselves against western powers and Russia, Beliefs of national unity and patriotism were reinforced by the Meiji government. One student specifically noted that the Japanese “tried to completely wipe out Korean culture by teaching only Japanese in Korean schools.” Another noted, “Koreans were treated as inferior and made scapegoats; [the Japanese] were just as racist as the West.” Although we had not extensively covered the Japanese occupation of Korea, this was an excellent opportunity to address it. Late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century victories in the Ryūkyūs and other islands, along with the acquisition of Formosa (now Taiwan) in the Sino–Japanese War and Korea in the Russo–Japanese War, shaped the public’s willingness to embrace Japan’s growing militarism. Health, Education, and Professional Studies, Identity and the Rise of Nationalism in Prewar Japan, China (Ninth through Seventeenth Centuries): Commerce, Technology, and Intercultural Contacts, East Asia: Twenty-first Century Educational Practices and STEM Education. The nationalism that asserted that Prussians were a nation and promoted the cultural unity of Prussians. This lead to a huge demand for iron and steel, Japan wanted to become more self-sufficient, so they grew industry within the country, Increasing population demanded more food and land, Meiji leaders argued that Japan would only be able to protect itself by industrializing, and materials such as coal were needed for this expansion. Hand out the primary source reading, “On Leaving Asia (Datsu-A Ron)” by Fukuzawa Yukichi, and hand out or display the focus task and questions in the next paragraph. Japan was forced to open itself to the West, but its people resented the concessions it was forced to give to America and other European nations. With the trade being established, Japan experienced a large change: the emperor got political power and became known as "the Meiji - The Enlightened". Japanese national identity amid the rapid economic and social changes of the Meiji period was frequently torn between traditional Japanese and East Asian ideas and those of the Western powers. Before the Meiji government, the Emperor was technically at the top of the society, but he held no real power. This document is provided by Kazumi Hasegawa, lecturer in the Department of History at the University of Washington. Japan being an Asian nation had reinvented itself to become a force to reckon with. Explanation: On the 1st of March 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry opened up … Responses will likely address Japanese willingness to adapt to new cultures and concepts, dedication to the emperor and other national symbols, a shared and proud history, a history of military success and expansion, and importance of community and nation over individualism. In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry and his black ships arrived to Japan. The Great Depression, starting later on in 1929, left Japan in a disadvantageous position (U.S Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, rising duties on Japanese goods by up to 200%), Price of silk fell, resulting in large-scale poverty and unemployment in Japan, This added up to the troubles Japan was already having during the 19th century, Hopes that new raw materials would help the people of Japan out of this economic crisis. Students should cite specific textual evidence from the piece to support each of their answers. As they read, answer the same three questions from the introductory discussion, but for Japan in 1937 according to the document. Source: Wikipedia at https://tinyurl.com/yawy8vgp. European imperialism and jingoism, as well as American westward expansion, are contemporary democratic counterpoints to the authoritarian examples, although students may address other examples from earlier periods. One student questioned to what extent social Darwinism influenced Yukichi. It started with the "Black Ships" of 1854, when the USA forcibly opened up Japan for trade and westernization. In which John Green teaches you about Nationalism. Although they clung to power for another decade, this was really the end of the Qing Dynasty. However, the content and pedagogical strategies for the module are applicable for any high school teachers whose curricula include the development of East Asian states in the pre-World War II era or the development of extreme nationalism and the rise of authoritarian regimes. Ask the groups to create: A list of the five most important features of Japanese national identity as expressed by the authors of these documents, Textual references to the sources that best support and define each of these five identified features. The national identity of Japan and the Japanese people during the Meiji, Taisho, and Showa periods was in a state of flux. Western Civilizations; 2 The Congress of Vienna. At a basic cultural level, Japanese fear a loss of control. Japanese nationalism (Japanese: 国粋主義, Hepburn: Kokusui shugi) is the nationalism that asserts that the Japanese are a monolithic nation with a single immutable culture, and promotes the cultural unity of the Japanese. Wikipedia [Source: David Powers, BBC, February 17, 2011 ***] “By the beginning of the 20th century, Japan was beginning to catc… Datsu-A Ron was an editorial that was published in 1885 that argued for Japanese leaving the Qing dynasty and Joseon Korea. Nationalism in Political Science: The concept of nationalism in political science draws from these theoretical foundations. Perhaps the most interesting part of the discussion centered on the description of the Chinese and Korean peoples by Yukichi. Understand the reasons for Japanese resentment against Western powers that increased following World War I. Analyze the concept of Kokutai, or “national essence,” and characterize the state of Japanese national identity on the eve of World War II. Students highlighted the symbol of the emperor, a Confucian-like approach to social cooperation and harmony, and dedication to the good of the nation rather than one’s own ego as key to Japanese identity. Yet 1850 -1914 marks an era where nationalism, imperialism, and industrialization are particularly entwined. The First World War allowed Japan to gain more influence in Asia by seizing German military bases and occupying Germany's posessions in the South Pacific, Literally almost everything western countries did to China reinforced the idea that Japan needs to protect itself. The Birth of Chinese Nationalism Chinese students marched into Tiananmen Square 100 years ago in a movement that is still shaping attitudes in the country today. England had become the leading nation in scientific spirit, in commercial enterprise, and in political thought and activity. National Consortium for Teaching Asia (NCTA) Faculty Fellows, The Economic and Cultural Emergence of South Korea, The Legacy of Zheng He and the Ming Dynasty Sea Voyages, The Song Dynasty: Technology, Commerce, and Prosperity, Where Have All the Children Gone? Have students read excerpts (pages 3–5) from the 1937 Kokutai no hongi (Fundamentals of Our National Policy) by Asia for Educators at Columbia University. When I asked students to look at other nations, elements of national character came quickly, and I had to be cautious, as some were offensive stereotypes. According to the book "Nations and Nationalism since 1780" by Professor Hobsbawm, the national feelings of people will fade and, eventually, disappear. The discussion of modern Chinese nationalism has dominated many political and intellectual debates since the late nineteenth century. Ask students to answer the following questions: How does Makino Nobuaki support the Japanese argument for the inclusion of a racial equality clause? They had to trade for it. Some students observed that Yukichi believed that there are racial differences among East Asians. During the Meiji period, industrialisation, centralisation, mass education and military conscription produced a … Start studying Industrial revolution, nationalism, and imperialism in 19th century. Although Japan’s participation in World War I was limited, it was among the victors. Shogun was a military and political leader of the country for hundreds of years. Have each group read their analysis statement and create a common statement for the full group. The treaties ending both these wars, as well as World War I, left many Japanese frustrated and angry, as they saw many of the spoils of war taken from them by the Western powers. 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